Lecture Handouts

Lecture I:  Topography                           Lecture X:  Succession Wars             Lecture XVIII: Ivan the Terrible
Lecture II:  Sources                                Lecture XI:  The Gathering of Rus'      Lecture XIX:  The Time of Troubles
Lecture III:  Rise of Kiev                        Lecture XII:  Imperial Style                Lecture XX:  The Great Ulozhenie
Lecture IV:  Kievan Political System       Lecture XIII:  The Agrarian Base        Lecture XXI: First Influences of the West
Lecture V:  Baptism of Rus'                    Lecture XIV:  Being a Boyar              Lecture XXII:  The Schism
Lecture VI:  Fall of Kiev                         Lecture XV:  Women and Seclusion   Lecture XXIII:  The Schism
Lecture VII:  Lord Novgorod the Great   Lecture XVI: Ivan the Terrible            Lecture XXIV:  The Newness of the 17th C.
Lecture VIII:  The Mongols                    Lecture XVII:  Ivan the Terrible          Lecture XXV: Peter the Great
Lecture IX:  Rise of Moscow

I. Of the Land
· Geography of the east Slavic space
· Touring the center and periphery
· Climate and the wealth and poverty of the land
· Role of geography on culture, especially agriculture
 

II. Of the People
· Peoples in this space
· The Slavs, East, West, South
· Non-Slavic Peoples: esp. Finns, Prussians, Turkic
· Movement of populations in this space

Terms:

Taiga
Ural Mountains
Steppe
Volga, Dniepr, Dniestr, Dvina, Ilmen, Oka, Moscow Don Rivers
Ladoga, Peipus, White, Onega Lakes
Black, White, Baltic Caspian Seas
Silk Route
Caucasus Mountains
Carpathian Mountains
Altai Mountains
Kiev
Slavs:  East, South, West

I. Kinds of Sources
· Annalistic and documentary
· Novgorod’s birch barks texts
· Which are best and how does one use them for the study of so remote a space and time?

II. Slavic and Non-Slavic Sources
· Slavic Sources
· Foreign Sources, including Travelers’ accounts

III. Material Sources
· Archeology, coins, artifacts
· Novgorod’s birch bark texts

IV. Historiography
· Historical “feuding”
· What are the big debates about Early East Slavic History?

Terms:

Primary Chronicle (Povest’ vremennykh let)
Nikon Chronicle
Novgorod Chronicle
Old Church Slavonic
Russkaia Pravda
Dirhems
Ibn Fadlan (921)
Byzantium
Saints’ Lives (vitae; Russ: zhitie, pl.: -iia)
Historiography
Statist School (legalistic), sometimes called “rationalist” school
Marxist School, also rationalist
Patrimonial (nonlegalistic) School
Anthropological School

I. The Origins of Rus'
· The Term "Rus'"
· The Normanist--Anti-Normanist Controversy

II. The Establishment of Kievan Rus'
· The Call to "Come rule over us"
· A close reading of the chronicles on the foundation of Rus’
· The Rus' in the Age of Long-Distance Trade

III. Predecessors and Competitors with Kievan Rus’
· The Bulgars
· The Khazars
· The Volga Rus’

IV. What was Kievan Rus’?

Terms:

Riurik
Rus'
Normanist--Anti-Normanist Controversy
Kievan Rus'
St. Ol’ga
Varangians
The Vikings
Vik
The invitation to “Come rule over us”
Route of the Varangians
Long-Distance Trade
Constantinople
Khazars
Bulgars

I. Dynasty and Principality
· The so-called “Riurikids”
· Yaroslav the Wise’s Testament
· The Ladder of Succession (Rota System)
· The Congress at Liubech (1097)
· The Question about the Origins of the Rota System
· Facing the Steppe, Again:  Steppe origins of Kievan political structures

II. Druzhina and Veche
· The Druzhina, the Boyars, and the Prince
· The Thousandsman (tysiastskii)
· The Veche
· The question of Democracy or Monarchy and the Origins of  Rus'

III.  Uniting the threads of culture in early Rus’ into a single pseudo-national narrative:  the evidence from the chronicles (Pritsak)

IV. Getting Perspective:  How "Big and Powerful" really was Kievan Rus'?

Terms:

Boyars
Veche
Druzhina
Testament of Yaroslav the Wise
Congress at Liubech
Riurik
Riurikid Dynasty
Rota System/Ladder Succession
Thousandsman (tysiastskii)
Omelian Pritsak

I. Slavic Paganism
· Pre-Christian cults and gods
· The role of religion in pre-modern societies

II. Vladimir’s choice
· What the chronicle says
· A closer reading
· Long-distance trade and religion
· Old Church Slavonic

III. Orthodoxy
· Church of the Holy Fathers
· Creedal differences
· Liturgy—back to the Primary Chronicle

Terms:

Baptism of Rus'
Orthodoxy, Greek Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox
Filioque
Cyril and Methodius
Old Church Slavonic
Ss. Boris and Gleb
Sviatopolk
Icons
St. Sophia Cathedral
St. Nestor the Chronicler
St. Alipy the Iconographer
Kiev Crypt Monastery
Patriarch
Metropolitan
Arch-, Bishop
Ecumenical Councils (7)
Rusalki
Domovoi
Rod, Rodanitsy
Perun (god of thunder)
Mother Earth

I. The Rise of North Eastern Rus’
· Suzdal’-Vladimir
· Ranging views on causes:  demographic/migration, political, economic

II. The Western Reaches of Rus’:  Galicia, Volhynia

III. The Mongols
· Out of the Steppe on the back of horses
· What was conquered:  trade, trade routes and empires
· Chinghis Khan (d. 1227) and the unification of Mongol tribes
· Battle on the Kalka (1223?)

IV.   Fall of Kievan Rus’
· 1236-37:  The Mongols return and Rus’ian lack of unity
· Kiev falls, 6 Dec 1240
· Reasons for Mongol victory

Terms:

Chinghis Khan
Batu Khan
Battle on the Kalka
Golden Horde
Tatar
Mongols
Sarai
Yarlyk
Karakorum
Prince  Daniel of Galicia (1253, “King”)
Suzdal’-Vladimir
Galicia
Volhynia
Silk Route

I.  Historiographical Questions at the Outset
· Novgorod as a “Democracy”
· Novgorod and the Riurikids
· Novgorod and the West
· Novgorod and Moscow

II.  Novgorod and the Baltic
· Fur Trade
· Hanseatic League

III.  Political Institutions and the Problem of Novgorodian “Democracy”
· Political system in Novgorod:  City administration
· The Veche
· The outer lands
· The Novgorodian Church

IV.  Novgorod and the Mongols

Terms:

Veche
(St.) Alexander Nevskii
Hanseatic League
Birchbark documents
Posad
Posadnik and tysiatskii
Piatina
Sotnia (hundreds)
Kontsy (quarters)
Pskov
Archbishop of Novgorod
Council of Notables

I. The Great Debate about the Role of the Mongols in Russian History
· Did they forever change Russian political culture?
· Did the Muscovites borrow for them?
· Were they irrelevant?

II. Mongol Administration of Rus'
· The Baskak System
· Daruga/Baskak-namestniki/volosteli
· The competing views of the origins of the Baskak System
· taxes and tribute

III. The Rus'ian  Princes, the Mongols, and other Powers
· Collaboration? Appeasement?
· Livonians and Teutonic Knights
· Alexander Nevskii:  A Case Study
· Novgorod and the “Tatar Yoke”
· The competition for power over the steppe

IV.   Mongols and the Church

V.  Successor States to the Empire of Ghengiz-khan

Terms:

"The Tatar Yoke"
Tribute (dan')
Baskaki (military governors)
The Baskak System
Daruga, doroga, doraga (civilian governors)
St. Alexander Nevskii
Battle of the Neva, 1240 (vs. Swedes)
Battle on the Ice (Lake Chud), 1242 (vs. Livonian Knights)
Livonian Order
Teutonic Order
Chinghiz-khan
Kipchak Steppe
Kalka (1223)
Sarai
Golden Horde
Yarlyk

I. History of Moscow
· 1147--first mention
· Daniil Moskovskii, youngest son of St. Alexander Nevskii

II. The Grand Princely Succession
· Andrei Aleksandrovich's death, 1304
· Who was his heir?
· Rivalry between the house of Moscow (Daniilovich) and of Tver
· Metropolitan Peter to Moscow, 1325

III.  The Muscovites and Mongols
· Dmitrii Donskoi--growth of Muscovy, battle of Kulikovo Field (1380)

IV. Lithuania as a new player in Rus'-Mongol relations
· Gedymin (1316-1341) and Lithuania's entry into Muscovite and Steppe Politics
· Kiev falls to Lithuania
· Alliances and interventions in Rus'ian dynastic wars
· the story of Belorussian
· The Treaty of Krewo (1385) and the marriage of Jagiello and Jadwiga

Terms:

Daniilovich
Mikhail of Tver'
Tver'
Moscow
Daniil of Moscow
Iurii of Moscow
Ivan I Kalita
Simeon the Proud
Ivan II, the Meek
Dmitrii Donskoi
Battle of Kulikovo
Mamai
Metropolitan Peter
Lithuania
Gedymin/Gedyminid Dynasty
Treaty of Krewo (1385)
Jagiello and Jadwiga
Belorussian

I. Dynastic Succession in Muscovy
· Modes of succession
· Daniilovich exceptionalism--primogeniture
· The Disputed succession
· Moscow now the prize possession

II. The Shemiaka Feud
· War between Cousins

III. The Muscovite Political System
· The issues behind the war
· The solution devised
· The new rules of the game
· The new players in the game
· What happens to junior members of the dynasty now?

Terms:

Vasilii II, the Blind
Vasilii III
Dmitrii Shemiaka
Iurii of Galich
Vasilii Kosoi, the Squint-Eyed
Ulug Mehmet
Shemiaka Feud
Marriage Politics
Daniilovich Dynasty
Primogeniture
Lateral succession
Clans
Rod (pl., rody)

I. Ivan III the Great
· Early annexations:  Yaroslavl', Rostov (by 1474); Riazan' unites via marriage
· Fall of Novgorod, 1478: a case study of Lithuanian, Mongol and Muscovite relations
· Tver', 1485
· Viatka, 1489

II. Ivan’s Marriages and the succession crisis of 1498-1505
· First test of new political system
· Ivan the Younger, Ivan Vnuk (the Grandson), and Vasilii (III)
· A battles between the mothers of royal sons

III. Vasilii III
· Pskov, Riazan'
· Marriage to Solomoniia Saburova
· The Divorce crisis
· Mariia Glinskaia

Terms:

Ivan III the Great
Sofiia (Zoe) Paleologa
Mariia of Tver'
Solomoniia Saburova
Elena Glinskaia
Ivan the Younger
Ivan Vnuk
“Gathering of the Rus’”

I. New Myths for a New State
· The White Cowl
· The Third Rome
· Prus

II. New Paraphernalia for a New State
· Double-headed eagle
· Court rituals, incl. Wedding ritual
· Regalia and titles

III. Law and Literature
· The Zadonshchina
· Tale of Igor’s Campaign (authentic?)
· Maksim the Greek (1480-1556)
· The Sudebnik

Terms:

Muscovite Law Code of 1497, the Sudebnik
Zadonshchina
Tale of Igor’s Campaign
Maksim the Greek
The White Cowl
The Third Rome
Prus
Double-headed eagle

I. The Nature of Agriculture in the East Slavic Space
II. The Rise of Serfdom
III. Serfdom and The State:  Historiographical Survey
IV. The Question of Slavery in Muscovy
V. The Commune
VI. Facts and Figures

Terms:

Serfdom
Mir
Commune
Rab (fem: rabynia; slave)
Barshchina (labor of obligation of peasants, =corvée)
Kabala (debt servitude)
Obrok (quitrent in cash or kind)
Pomest’e (land held originally on service tenure)
Smerd (free peasant of Kievan period)
Tiaglo (pl.: -a) (unit of assessment of levying service or other obligations)
Votchina (hereditary landed property)
Kholop (slave)
Zakup (indentured peasants of Kievan period)

I. First Things First:  On the word “boyar”
· Origin of the word
· Titles versus Titles

II. Early Roles and Power

III. The Muscovite Civil War

IV. Power and the Royal Dynasty
· Marriage Politics
· Boyars and Tsars
· Succession to the title within the family
· Votchiny and Pomest’ia
· Boyar Duma

V. Family and Religion
· Boyaryni
· Relationship to the Church
· And Monasteries

Terms:

Boyarynia (pl.: -ny)
Boiarin (pl.: boiare)
Okol’nichii (pl. –ie)
Boyar Duma
Primogenture
Rota Succession in Boyar Clans
Clan

I. Women across the Social Spectrum
· Historiography on Women’s History in Russia
· Peasant Women and Gender Roles
· The City

II. Elite Women in Muscovy
· Seclusion as a Practice in Some Cultures and not in others
· How it was Done in Muscovy
· Why it was Done in Muscovy:  Historiography

III. The Power in the Terem
· The Terem
· Women in Court Politics
· Case Study:  Picking a Bride for the Tsar

Terms:

Seclusion
The Terem
Bride Shows
Boyarynia (pl.: -ny)
Tsaritsa
Tsarevna

I. Ivan: The Received View

· Good Ivan, Bad Ivan
· Demolisher of Feudal Separatism
· Ivan the Mentally Ill

II.  Ivan of Art

· Eizenshtein
· Art and Literature

II.  Ivan: Sources

· Sources: Kurbskii
· Sources: Foreigners’ Accounts
· Sources: Russian Sources

Terms:

Anastasiia Romanovna
The Romanov boyar clan
Tsarevich Dmitrii
The “Correspondence”
Andrei Kurbskii
Sergei Eizenshtein
Groznyi/groza
Oprichnina
Nikon Chronicle
Giles Fletcher

I.  The Early Years

· The Glinskii Regency
· Health of the young Ivan
· Majority, Coronation and Marriage

II.  Ivan’s Conquests and Contacts

· Kazan’ (1552) and Astrakhan’ (1556)
· Englishmen in the North (1553 and on)
· Ermak and movement into Siberia (1581)
· The Livonian War (1558-83)
· Lithuania (Treaty of Lublin, 1569) and Tatar Raids

III.  Ivan’s Domestic Concerns

· Tsarevich Dmitrii Matter (1553)
· Death of Anastasiia (1560)
· Kurbskii Affair (1564)
· The Oprichnina (1565-72)
· Bekbulatovich (1574-75)

Terms:

Oprichnina
Zemshchina
Oprichniki
Andrei Kurbskii
Semen Bekbulatovich
Tsarevich Dmitrii
Livonian War
Kazan’
Astrakhan’
Arkhangelsk
Ermak
Treaty of Lublin

I. Ivan's Health and Death
II. Ivan’s Marriages
III. Succession:  Fedor I and Place of Boris Godunov

Terms:

Fedor Ivanovich
Ivan Ivanovich
Wives of Ivan: Anastasiia Romanovna (1547), Mariia (Kochenei) Cherkasskaia (1561), Marfa Sobakina (1571), Anna Koltovskaia (1572), Anna Vasil’chikova (1574), Vasilisa Melent’eva (1579), Mariia Nagaia (1580)
Angelosing Spondolitis
Boris Godunov

I. Fedor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov

II. Establishment of the Patriarchate

III. Death of Fedor, Interregnum

IV. Boris’ Reign

V.   The First False Dmitrii and TsarVasilii Shuiskii

· Foreign Intervention
· Dmitrii and the Problem of “Pretenders”
· Crowned, Married and Murdered
· Shuiskii’s attempt to restore legitimacy
· Peasant Revolts

VI.  The Second False Dmitrii and the Wladyslaw

VII. The Election of Mikhail Romanov

· The Romanov Boyar Clan
· What makes a good candidate?
· The Zemskii Sobor of 1613

Terms:

Zemskii Sobor
Romanovs
Vasilii Shuiskii
First False Dmitrii
Second False Dmitrii
Thief of Tushino
Wladyslaw
Boris Godunov
Tsar Fedor I Ivanovich
Filaret/Fedor Nikitich Romanov
Kuzma Minin
Dmitrii Pozharskii
Ivan Bolotnikov

I. Mikhail Romanov (1614-45) and the Recovery of Order

· Filaret and Marfa
· Peace with Poland
· Peace among the Boyars
· Irina and Valdemar and the Question of the Succession

II.  Aleksei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)

· The "Most Serene"
· Ulozhenie of 1649
· Urban and Regional Revolts

III.  Foreign Affairs and Expansion under the First Two Romanov Tsars

· War with Poland
· Ukraine Absorbed
· Siberia

Terms:

Ulozhenie of 1649
Bohdan Khmelnitsky
Peace of Pereiaslavl
Cossacks
Boris Godunov
Mariia Miloslavskaia
Zaporozhian Host
Ukraine
Stenka Razin
Stroganov Family
Streltsy
Muscovy Company

I. The Problem of Cultural Borrowing

II. Ukraine and Belorus’

III. The Kievan Academy

IV. The First Borrowings and their Significance

Terms:

Kievan Mohyla Academy
Peter (Petro) Mohyla
Kievan Cave Monastery
Ukraine
Cossacks
Poland-Lithuania
Bohdan Khmelnytskij
Hetman and Hetmanate
Zaporozhian Cossacks
Don Cossacks

I. Two Men:  Alexis and Nikon

· Biographies
· Early Friendship
· The Impulse to Reform: Zealots of Piety, Ukrainian Influences

II. The Roots of Reforms

· Early printed liturgical manuals, Bibles, new editions
· What gets changed

III. Church vs. State?

· The Break in the Friendship
· Nikon on the State
· Alexis on the Church

IV. The Old Belief

· 1652:  Nikon made patriarch
· 1653:  Introduction of first reforms
· 1658:  Nikon abandons patriarchate
· 1667: Old Belief condemned
· 1668:  Start of Solovetskii revolt
· 1682:  Avvakum executed
· Old Belief Afterward

Terms:

Zealots of Piety
Archpriest Avvakum
Autobiography of Avvakum
Patriarch Nikon
Church Council of 1666-67
Old Belief/Old Ritual
Old Believers/Old Ritualists
Solovetskii Monastery and Revolt

I. The Newness of Old Muscovy in the 17th-cent.

II. Tradition and Change
· Old and New in the Boyar Duma
· Rituals reformed and deleted
· Mestnichestvo abolished

III. The Discovery of the Self
· New, scattered evidence
· Art and culture at court
· The West as Fetish

IV. New forms of Old themes
· In Religious art
· In architecture
· In dress
· In literature

Terms:

Mestnichestvo abolished
Epiphany and Palm Sunday Rituals
Royal Marriage ritual
Ivan Nasedka
Epifanii Slavinetskii
Simeon Polotskii

I. The Historiographical Debate about Peter

· Revolutionary or continuator of earlier trends
· Arguments for and against both views

II. The Royal In-Laws:  The Players and the Stakes

· Naryshkins and Miloslavskiis
· Ivan and Peter
· Sofiia
· The Streltsy
· Others:  Matveev, Golitsyn, Menshikov

III. Sofiia Regency

· Ivan V and the co-reign with Peter

IV.   Peter’s Childhood

· Out of the Kremlin, to Preobrazhenskoe
· Tutors
· Personality and interests
· The German Quarter
· Marriage to Evdokiia Fedorovna Lopukhina

V.  Sofiia Overthrown

Terms:

Sofiia Alekseevna
Evdokiia Fedorovna Lopukhina
Preobrazhenskoe
Ivan V
Naryshkin Clan
Miloslavskii Clan
Vasilii Golitsyn
Artemon Matveev
Alexander Menshikov
Anna Mons
Streltsy
German Quarter
The Most Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters