Guided Reading for The Western Traditions.

Find the answer to each of these questions as it is given in the textbook before moving on to the next question. Some answers, drawn from the textbook alone, will be rather simplistic. They can, and should, be elaborated upon as your knowledge of the subject grows.

Pages 283 - 331:

The symbol (*) after a question indicates that these might be used for longer essays in your quizzes.

The chief topics in this section are the question of religious authority (—based on what or on whom does one settle a dispute?), the history of Christian mission in modernity--the period of European imperialism--and the question of religious authority vs. the modern age with the related question of religious pluralism.

1. To whom does the Congregationalist tradition accord the ultimate authority to determine theological and institutional affairs? (*)

 

2. Where did the greatest strength of Congregationalists emerge?

 

3. Which two notable American Universities were founded by Congregationalists?

 

4. What is the difference between ‘General’ and ‘Particular’ Baptists?

 

5. What name is more commonly used for the ‘Friends of the Truth,’ who now call themselves the Religious Society of Friends?

 

6. What is the central theme of the Congregationalists, Baptists, and Quakers? (*)

 

7. With what were Pietists dissatisfied? What did they seek?

 

8. Why were the followers of John Wesley called ‘Methodists?’

 

9. What and when was the ‘Great Awakening?’ What is its connection with Methodism?

 

10. What was the largest Protestant denomination in the American Midwest in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

 

11. What is ‘glossolalia?’ How is it described in the Book of Acts? (*)

 

12. What do Protestants claim in respect of the Christian’s access to God?

 

13. How did Calvin and Zwingli influence the subsequent Protestant understanding of the Eucharist?

 

14. What is a Lectionary?

 

15. What can be seen as a major cultural contribution by Protestant Traditions?

 

16. What is a Psalter?

 

17. What is the ‘Counter-Reformation?’

 

18. When and where did the Council of Trent meet?

 

19. What did the Council of Trent reaffirm and reiterate?

 

20. What is the doctrine known as transubstantiation?

 

21. What is the origin of the phrase ‘hocus-pocus?’

 

22. What is a requiem mass?

 

23. Who was Iñigo (Ignatius) Loyola?

 

24. When was the Jesuit order approved by the Pope?

 

25. Who are the Ursulines?

 

26. What happened to the Jesuit order between 1773 and 1814?

 

27. Who were Francis Xavier and Robert De Nobili? (*)

 

28. What did Alessandro Valignano stipulate regarding Japanese etiquette and customs?

 

29. What happened to the Christian missionaries in Japan in 1614?

 

30. What were the three waves of Christian mission to China up to the sixteenth century?

 

31. To what post was the Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell promoted in 1645?

 

32. What three intellectual issues concerned Catholic Christianity in China at this time?

 

33. What gains had Christianity made in Asia three centuries after the voyages of Vasco da Gama?

 

34. What is one possible explanation of the peaceful reception of Cortés by the Aztec ruler, Moctezuma II?

 

35. Who was Bernardino de Sahagún?

 

36. What issue did Bartolemé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepulveda debate in 1550?

 

37. What was involved in the license granted by Pope Alexander VI in 1493?

 

38. Did the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of Latin America result in a total displacement of native religious traditions? (*)

 

39. Who is the Virgin of Guadalupe?

 

40. What was marked by the encounter of Russian Orthodox and Spanish Catholics in California in the nineteenth century?

 

41. What does the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Catholic Church in North American to some extent mirror?

 

42. What do denominational names like ‘the Christian Church,’ ‘Disciples of Christ,’ ‘Churches of Christ’ bespeak? What became of these movements before long?

 

43. What did Seventh-Day Adventism stress besides its eschatological expectations?

 

44. How do the Jehovah’s Witnesses regard Jesus? To which 3^rd/4^th century Christian thinker is this comparable?

 

45. Who was Mary Baker Eddy?

 

46. Is the Christian Science Monitor a primarily religious publication?

 

47. Who was Joseph Smith and what finally happened to him?

 

48. What are The Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants?

 

49. What does the Mormon Church expect of its young adult members?

 

50. When and where can the birth of the modern Pentecostal movement be located?

 

51. What does Pentecostalism emphasize? (*)

 

52. How did Sir Harry Johnston, as an example of a British colonial administrator, see the missionary enterprise and each mission station?

 

53. What was the policy of the British East India Company towards missionaries?

 

54. How have liberal and conservative Protestants differed over their view of Christian mission activity?

 

55. What was the ‘Copernican revolution’ in astronomy? (*)

 

56. To what were Galileo’s views a challenge?

 

57. How did the Deists view the creative activity of God?

 

58. What was Isaac Newton’s most famous insight?

 

59. How did Freidrich Schleiermacher characterize religion?

 

60. What focus was shifted in the line of inquiry pioneered by Søren Kierkegaard?

 

61. How does the textbook describe ‘the problem of evil?’

 

62. Who coined the term "sociology?"

 

63. Where did Emile Durkheim locate the origin and essence of religion? What is the god of the clan for Durkheim?

 

64. What are Freud's views on religion?

 

65. What is the challenge for modern religions thought posed by psychology?

 

66. What did Charles Darwin add to his existing understanding of gradual change in biological species after reading Thomas Malthus’ theories on population competition?

 

67. What did Darwin stress in his Descent of Man?

 

68. What did most (Christian) people believe about the Bible until the nineteenth century?

 

69. What could be done in respect of the Bible by the end of the nineteenth century? (*)

 

70. Who was Utnapishtim?

 

71. How did literary criticism change the questions asked about the Bible?

 

72. What have many modern Christians developed regarding the claims of their tradition?

 

73. Who were William Lyman Stewart and Milton Stewart?

 

74. What does the term ‘fundamentalism’ denote? (*)

 

75. Who are Charles E. Fuller and Billy Graham? What do they have in common?

 

76. What is the focus in all of the challenges posed for Roman Catholics by modernity?

 

77. What was increasingly spoken of as infallible after the Council of Trent?

 

78. When was the First Vatican Council and to what did it devote its political energies?

 

79. What was ‘Vatican II?’

 

80. What breach developed after the encyclical of Pope Paul VI called Humanae Vitae?

 

81. What was evident in the Roman Catholic Church’s move to declare papal infallibility? What Protestant move does this parallel? (*)

 

82. What was formed in 1948? In response to what?

 

83. With which Papacy is the Roman Catholic move into ecumenism primarily associated?

 

84. What was one test of any renewal of Christianity to Quakers, Congregationalists, and Methodists?

 

85. Why was the ministry a source of leaders in Black American communities?

 

86. What did Martin Luther King Jr. say about injustice anywhere and about right defeated?

 

87. What particular change to society in the European and English-speaking world occurred in the nineteenth century?

 

88. What issues largely replaced the moral concern over alcohol abuse and temperance as the twentieth century opened?

 

89. Who were Walter Rauschenbush and Washington Gladden?

 

90. How does Oxtoby describe the Christian ideal for society?

 

91. What religion or religions were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

 

92. What was the one move that Marx was convinced one had to make if humanity was to be fulfilled?

 

93. What was the Marxist criterion of success (and how does this compare to Quakers, Congregationalists, and Methodists)?

 

94. What are the affinities between Marxist thought and the Judaeo-Christian heritage?

 

95. What does Liberation theology offer?

 

96. What propelled Karl Barth to prominence at the end of the First World War?

 

97. Compare Tillich's characterization of religion to that of Barth.

 

98. What is the idea of God for Charles Hartshorne?

 

99. How has Oxtoby characterized both Protestant and Catholic fundamentalism? (*)

 

100. How can a liberal stance be considered more demanding than a fundamentalist one?

 

101. Who are Barbara Harris and Lois Wilson?

 

102. Why might it not be enough to redress the patriarchal bias of the Christian tradition to point to female symbols of divinity?

 

103. For what do some praise the Church in this context? For what do others blame it?

 

104. What it particular about the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible published in 1989?

 

105. To what do we now refer as Pluralism? (*)

 

106. What is the distinction between Mediaeval Latin Christianity’s attitude to salvation and the Calvinist attitude?

 

107. How does Oxtoby contrast what Christians must do logically to what they must do morally?

 

108. What did Wilfred Cantwell Smith say it is to be modern?

 

109. What one thing does Oxtoby conclude is clear about Christian history?

Additional Notes: